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Á¤º¸°øÀ¯¿¬´ë IPLeft °£»ç ¹é½ÂÁ¶ (nomadvirus@jinbo.net, 010-4787-2680)
Áøº¸³×Æ®¿öÅ©¼¾ÅÍ È°µ¿°¡ ±èÁ¤¿ì (i@patcha.jinbo.net, 016-774-5341)
[÷ºÎ 1] ÇѹÌFTA ÀúÀÛ±Ç ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÑ Çѱ¹°ú ¹Ì±¹ NGO ÀÇ°ß¼­ (¿µ¹®)


Korean and US NGOs Position Paper 
on the copyright issues in the 
Korea-US FTA Negotiation

We strongly oppose the inclusion of the copyright clause in the current FTA
negotiation between Korea and the United States.

Considering the FTA that the United States negotiated with Singapore,
Australia, and Chile, and what the United States has been demanding from the
Korean government thus far, we assume that the United States will request
copyright protection similar to or stronger than the United States copyright
laws such as the 1998 DMCA(Digital Millennium Copyright Act).

However, the DMCA and extending the copyright protection period in the Sonny
Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) have been under much criticism
because it obstructs fair use, science research, technology advancement, and
publishing. Furthermore, there are strong concerns about how itimpedes
computer security research.  Nonetheless, United States has been imposing
their own copyright laws on other countries by adopting laws similar to the
DMCA in the FTA. Among them, we cannot allow the extension of the copyright
protection period to 70 years or setting the penalty for circumventing the
technical measures for protection at the broad level of the laws in the
United States because these clauses violate the fundamental principles of the
copyright laws.  The United States must stop such demands on the Korean
government immediately.

1. Extending the protection period
United States has extended the copyright protection period to 70 years after
the death of the creator through the enactment of the CTEA.  Furthermore, the
United States has imposed the same protection period in Singapore, Australia,
and Chile through the FTA and FTAA negotiations.  The CTEA demands a 20 years
extension to 50 year protection provided for in the Berne Convention and
TRIPs agreement, which most countries have joined.  However, extending the
protection period to 70 years defies the very reason for having a protection
period.  The extension will distort the copyright into an permanent right.

Creative works are results of the efforts of the creators.  However, the
creation draws up on the cultural legacy left by our predecessors. 
Similarly, when the new creation is officially published, the successors will
in turn build on them for future creations, resulting in more creative works.
 Consequently, the creative worksare part of the cultural legacy of all
mankind.  Hence, giving the creator a timeless monopoly on the use is not
appropriate.  The very reason of having a protection period is based on the
premises that the creation is a cultural legacy.  The limited protection
period can protect the creator, thus encouraging creation, as well as enhance
the cultural legacy for more creation by entering the work into public domain
at the end of the period.

Then what is the appropriate protection period?  The protection period should
be determined based on the cultural standard of each country, the purpose of
having the protection period, and the characteristics of the works.

The original purpose of copyright protection is to cultivate cultural
development in a country through the protection of copyright.  Thus, the
determination of the protection period requires the consideration of the
cultural policies of each individual country.  Therefore, the protection
period is set differently according to the cultural standard of each country.
 Indeed, trying to set the protection period uniformly through the treaties
is inconsistent with this purpose.  When protection periods are set in the
treaties, they should be set at the minimum level, and any extensions to the
minimum period should be left to the autonomy of each country.
 
Moreover, when setting the protection period, the fundamental purpose for
having the protection period must be consider. The period must be set so that
it can encourage creation as well as terminate early enough to bring the
creation into the public domain while it still has value. It is meaningless
to have public use of creative works when there is no value in using the
work.

Creative works takes various forms such as music, art, literature, academic
research, software, and architecture.  Accordingly, the protection period
needs to be set differently depending on the form.  For example, software
needs a shorter protection period compared to literature.  In the case of
software, technology progresses at a much faster pace and the cost recovery
time is also very short.  Furthermore, 50 years after the death of the
creator, there is no benefit to making the software a public good because
after such a long time, the software becomes useless.  Hence, protecting
software until 50 years after the death of the creator is equivalent to
protecting it during the full lifetime of the software.  The protection
period must be shortened to have any value in brining the software into the
public domain.  Instead extending the protection period by another 20 years
will in reality give permanent protection to not only software, but to all
creative works.

Hence, the protection period for copyright should be determined based on each
countries cultural standard, the purpose of having the protection period, the
objective for legislating the copyright law, and the characteristics of each
creative work.  It can not be open for negotiations in a trade agreement.  
Moreover, the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) has prevented
over 400,000 creative works from entering public domain in the United States.
 It is under criticism as infringing on the cultural rights of many people in
order to protect the business profit of a few large corporations and has been
mocked as the "Mickey mouse law".  Imposing the CTEA worldwide will further
infringe on the rights of all mankind worldwide in order to protect the
business interest of a few large corporations.  Therefore, United States must
cease such efforts to impose the CTEA worldwide immediately.


2. Demanding a stronger sanctions on circumvention of technical measures
United States is imposing their own laws on technical measures for protection
in the copyright laws article 1201 in the FTA to other countries.  United
States laws on technical measures for protection of copyright material
prohibits acts to circumvent the technical measure for limiting access and to
manufacture and provide services or tools for the purpose of circumventing
the technical measures to restrict access or use.
 
However, in the WCT adopted by WIPO, technical measures for protection of
copyright material are limited to restricting use.  In the WCT, it repeatedly
states that "exercise the right by this Treaty or the Berne Convention" and
"acts not allowed by the creator or the law". Furthermore, according to WCT,
access to the creative work is not an act limited by the copyright law.

Hence, United States' claim that the technical measures that limits access to
works must also be protected is beyond the requirements provided in the
international treaty and extremely limits the use of creative works. 
Prohibiting and punishing acts to circumvent technical measure to access to
creative work, even when it does not infringe the copyright, is expanding the
scope of copyright laws.  Moreover, such laws will excessively limit fair use
of the creative works.  Such position by the United States is more or less
imposing heavier burden than the international treaties on FTA partners to
protect United States' interest and forcing the people of the other party to
sacrifice their interest for few transnational capital. 

3. Demanding the stipulation of temporary reproduction 
When computer programs or digital works are used via the computer, or
searched, viewed, or transmitted on the Internet, these works are stored
temporarily on the computer RAM.  Such stored works go away automatically and
are not saved when another command is run or the computer is powered off. 
Storage of digital works in the computer RAM are not permanent as saving them
in secondary storage devices such as the hard drive.  It is referred to as
temporary reproduction or storage to indicate that the stored works go away
when the computer is powered off.  Such temporary reproduction on the
computer is most commonly seen on the computer RAM, but also occurs on the
computer buffer when the works are transmitted over the Internet via
streaming technology.  Furthermore, when digital works are transmitted from
on-line service providers relaying them over the network, temporary
reproduction occurs in the system server or cache server.  Finally, when
Application Service Provider (ASP) provide computer programs over streaming
technology, the client computer RAM will also temporarily store information
on the RAM.

Even in the United States copyright laws, temporary reproduction is not
explicitly regulated.  However, the United States has demanded that Korea
stipulate temporary reproduction as copying under the copyright law for many
years.

Yet, when temporary reproduction is acknowledged as copying, the balance
desired by the copyright law between the user and the copyright holder
becomes even more biased toward the copyright holder because copyright
holders will be able to control even the most typical use as viewing
information from public website.  Similar to protecting technical measures to
access works, such stipulation will protect the copyright holder's right to
access the works, which is not within the scope given in the current
copyright.  Furthermore, temporary reproduction is a by-product of legal use
of the creative work.  It does not hold any economic value independent of the
legal use, and therefore the regulation of temporary reproduction cannot be
justified.  When temporary reproduction is acknowledged as copying, users
will be unfairly charged twice.  On the other hand, if the temporary copy is
allowed, there is no additional incentive to the creator, and thus it is not
in accord with the purpose of acknowledging copyright as exclusive rights.
 
United States must stop its demands to stipulate temporary reproduction by
unreasonably including temporary reproduction as copying. 


4. Demand for strict enforcement of the copyright laws
United States has been continuously demanding strict enforcement of the
copyright laws such as direct police involvement.  However, Korea is in the
process of establishing strict enforcement practice that is stricter even
than the United States.  We hold that such enforcement practices of the
Korean government is harmful to the people's freedom of expression, freedom
to operate a business, and the privacy of the people and must be corrected
immediately.  However, if the United States is for strong protection of
copyrights, United States government might have something to learn from the
Korean government.

In Korea, it is common for the Korean Software Property-right Council,
comprised of software development companies, the prosecutor and the police to
crack down on copyright infringements in cooperation.  Through such
mechanisms, the copyright holders have excessively strong protection on their
copyright.  In addition, currently the revision of copyright law being
reviewed in the legislator includes provisions to allow the minister of
culture and tourism direct administrative control over the deletion and
collection of copyright infringements.  The provisions even include measures
to fine those who do not comply with the administrative instructions given by
the minister.  United States should not demand actions from the Korean
government that they themselves do not take in their own country.  Such
demands can only be considered as intimidation by those with a stronger
position in the international relations.

In addition to this, Unites States has been putting pressure on the Korean
government using 'Super 301'. This is a product of United States'
nationalistic conception. More precisely, such actions demonstrate the United
States position to protect the interest of the few businesses in their own
country at the cost of the cultural rights of all other people worldwide. 
This is a total disregard for human rights by the United States government. 
United States must withdraw its unreasonable demands on the copyright
protection and stop trying to impose them in the current FTA negotiations
with the Korean government.  We strongly oppose the Korean-US FTA that
includes the United States'demands on copyright.  If the FTA still moves
towards a stronger protection of the copyright and disregards the rights of
the users, we have no choice but to fight for the obstruction of the Korea-US
FTA.


March 24th, 2006

Endorsement

[NGOs]
Christian Coalition for Media Reform (Korea) 
Citizens¡¯ Action Network (Korea) 
Cultural Action (Korea)
Dasan Human Rights Center (Korea) 
Essential Action (US) 
Health Right Network (Korea) 
Intellectual Property Left 'IPLeft' (Korea) 
IP Justice (US) 
Korean Progressive Network Jinbonet (Korea)
Korean Federation of Medical Groups for Health Rights (Korea) 
  Association of Physicians for Humanism (Korea),
  Association of Korea Doctors for Health Rights (Korea),
  Korea Dentists Association for Health Society (Korea),
  Korea Health and Medical Workers Union (Korea),
  Korean Pharmacists For Democratic Society (Korea),
  Solidarity for Worker's Health (Korea)
LaborNet in South Korea (Korea)
Media Center Mediact (Korea)
MINBYUN-Lawyers for a Democratic Society Publications & Public Relations
Committee (Korea)
People before Profit (Korea)
Public Pharmaceutical Center (Korea)
Solidarity for Peace and Human Rights (Korea)
Won Buddhism Committee for Human Rights (Korea)

[Individuals] 
Do-Hyung Kim, Lawyer, Editorial board member of Monthly Networker (Korea)
Eun-Woo Lee, Lawyer of Horizon Law Group (Korea) 
Margaret Chon, Professor and Dean¡¯s Distinguished Scholar, Seattle
University School of Law (US)
Peter Suber, Research Professor of Philosophy, Earlham College (US)
Sasha Costanza-Chock, PhD Student, Annenberg School for Communication,
University of Southern California (US)
Seok-Man Hong, Journalist, People Power of RTV (Korea)
Seong-Tae Hong, Professor of Sangji University (Korea)
Young-Joo Yoo, Chief Editor of People¡¯s Media ¡®Chamsaesang¡¯ (Korea)
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Essential Action [US] 
IP Justice [US] 

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À¯¿µÁÖ (¾ð·ÐÀÎ, ¹ÎÁß¾ð·Ð Âü¼¼»ó ÆíÁýÀå)
ÀÌÀº¿ì (º¯È£»ç, ¹ý¹«¹ýÀÎ ÁöÆò)
È«¼®¸¸ (¾ð·ÐÀÎ, RTV ÇÇÇÃÆÄ¿ö)
È«¼ºÅ (±³¼ö, »óÁö´ë)
Margaret Chon (Professor and Dean¡¯s Distinguished Scholar, Seattle
University School of Law)
Peter Suber (Research Professor of Philosophy, Earlham College)
Sasha Costanza-Chock  (PhD Student, Annenberg School for Communication,
University of Southern California)


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